Dilemma of mathematics

The pursuit of knowledge and the use of reason, based on sense and observation is a key ingredient for research. Mathematics is a creation of human mind concerned chiefly with ideas, processes and reasoning. In this paper, we will try to give a new comprehensive definition of mathematics to understand “what is mathematics”. We will discuss the controversial nature and position of mathematics and its scientific status. We will highlight the position of mathematics in different civilizations. We will highlight the mythical issues about Mathematics. We will also discuss the current state of mathematics i.e. mathematics in crises, especially pure mathematics and will put forward the remedial suggestions. We have gathered together some of these impressions; these are all tentative, nothing final about them, but these are here nonetheless

Principles of good governance in Islam

The first impression and the main thesis of this chapter is that the Qur’an does not teach us the art of slavery; it only teaches us the art of good governance: It is a different matter though that the Muslims are busy in reversing this process. The overriding objective of Islam is to establish a just socio-moral and economic-political order in this world. The Prophet (SAW) announced his Prophetic mission (in 610 C.E.) with social reforms such as the amelioration of the downtrodden,the have-nots in general, poor and the destitute, women, orphans, slaves, etc. were central to his mission (Nadwi, 1982). Both the Prophet (SAW) himself and his Meccan opponents were thoroughly convinced that if Islam were to unfold and implement itself in letter and spirit, it would entail a complete and comprehensive change of the existing (socio-moral and political) order. The Prophet (SAW) left Mecca for Madina (in 622 C.E.) and there he immediately assumed the managing of religio-political affairs of Madina (Bu ti, 1991). Here he initiated good governance by introducing social reforms (such as imposing Zakat for the betterment of the depressed layers of the society, rescuing the poor from chronic debts, to improve the defence of the new-born city-state, allotting shares in inheritance to women, regulating marriage and divorce, prohibiting usury and so forth), along with the promulgation of religio-moral and spiritual teachings of the Qur’an (such as the exclusive worship of God alone,and a firm faith in eschatology, that is, the day of judgment and the life hereafter). When people witnessed Islam being translated in practice and a just socio-moral order established, they entered the fold of Islam tribe after tribe so much so that when the Prophet (SAW) died (in June 632 C.E.) he was virtually a prophet-ruler of the entire Arabian Peninsula. In spite of that, the Prophet (SAW) never claimed himself to be a ruler, nor did he ever claim to be a ruler whose rule was under his Prophethood. He just claimed to be a Prophet; yet he was a ruler nonetheless. What does it mean? It means that in Islam the relationship between the state and religion is not like that of two sisters, one helping the other. In fact, the state viewed in isolation, is nothing but a reflection of all those socio-moral and spiritual values that Islam stands for. More precisely, it was an instrument or a strategy through which the Prophet (SAW) realized his prophetic mission. In fact, Islam is deemed to permeate the entire gamut of our life and manifest itself not only in the mosque but also in the market place, in the schools and universities, in the courts and in battlefields. The issue would become amply clear if we understand that Islam is essentially addressed to the human heart and is supposed to cultivate in him a specific psycho-moral attitude, an attitude of submission to God and service to the humankind. In short, Muslims are enjoined to establish good governance through a just sociomoral order (or a state) wherein they could organise their individual and collective life in accordance with the teachings of the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet (SAW). It is the expectation of the Qur’an that its adherents would either reform the earth (by eradicating 17 corruption, exploitation, injustice and evil) or lay their lives in this process. There are no other (honourable) alternatives for them. They are enjoined to do justice as it is nearest to piety(taqwa). They are admonished to be careful lest the enmity of the community (or of a person)deter/hinder them from being just, fair and upright. This is the foremost obligation of the Muslims in general and the functionaries of an Islamic State in particular.It is true that Mecca and/or Madina, the cities of the Prophet of Islam (SAW), were not industrial centers but they were positively renowned commercial centers of the era. They were located on the international trade routes and were truly well known hubs of the business world. Professional integrity and moral uprighteousness are pivotal ingredients for good governance in business as was the case for the Prophet (SAW) and his family. It does not matter whether it is the home, an office, an organisation, business, state or Government, one can hardly overlook the radical and revolutionary element, that is, the involvement of women in good governance. Islam emancipated women, right from its inception, and acknowledged their rights – right to life, right to liberty, right to equality before Law, right to education, right to inheritance (or property), right to run a business and make a decent living, right to marriage and divorce and run a family life in accordance with the injunctions of Islam, right to free thinking and free expression including the right to differ even with the personal rulings of the Prophet (SAW) and his righteous caliphs (may Allah be pleased with them). These provisions sound truly revolutionary, especially when we examine them in the light of socio-moral consideration rather than cheap labor and exploitation. Business management, in our view, is a miniatural form of state management or governance. Islam insists that our business transactions should be based on fair play and justice.We must ensure just treatment and treat humans as humans. Islam requires that capital and consumer goods should remain in circulation. Healthy and fair economic activity is indeed the lynchpin of the community or the state. Unless we are committed to the establishment of financial justice, we cannot promote peace and harmony in a society. Islam insists that our business deals/ transactions should be put to writing in the presence of the witnesses, and if there are any disputes, the matter may be referred to the courts of law for proper adjudication.After this brief preamble, let us now turn to our main problem of finding some guidelines for good governance in Islam. If our presumption is not faulty, we can identify these principles with relative ease and comfort. Our contention is that the administration/governance of an organisation is analogous to the administration/ governance of the state. In fact, principles regulating the conduct of both are essentially the same

Islamic mathematics

The present doldrums position and state of decadence, internal differences, external aggression (geographical and ideological), lack of self-confidence and dependence, illiteracy, political instability, economic disaster, lack of knowledge and wisdom, back benchers in science and technology, education, medicine, trade and business, banking system and defensive incapability of Muslim World prompted me to look at our principal sources of inspiration, which are, the Qur’an, Sunnah of the Prophet (SAW), and examples of the “enlightened Caliphs” and see what is Islam’s view about seeking knowledge, technology and inventions in general and mathematics’ education in particular. We will discuss the nature of mathematics and its scientific status. We will highlight the position of mathematics in Islamic classification of knowledge. We will also discuss the current state of mathematics and future suggestions. We have gathered together some of these impressions; these are all tentative, nothing final about them, but these are here nonetheless

Adaptive minimum error least significant bit replacement method for steganography using JPG/JPEG and PNG files

ABSTRACT: Nowadays, the security of data transmission is one of the important aspects in digital data transmission. In this era, sending messages via computers or other gadgets are highly used, the attackers can easily intercept the data during transmission process. Therefore, if there is a secret message, then it can be easily seen. One method for sending data without making curiosity is using the steganography where a secret message can be transmitted in such a way so that attackers are not aware of the existence of something in the message. In this research, we built a digital steganography system using Adaptive Minimum Error Least Significant Bit Replacement (AMELSBR) method. We use .jpg file for hiding the message, .png file for the output, .txt for the message. The procedures for applying AMELSBR method are Capacity Evaluation, Minimum Error Replacement and Error Diffusion. The result shows that the AMELSBR method is able to manage for hiding and restoring files without causing excessive distortion (noise) in stego image, and has a possibility of returning most files for image manipulation such as the change of image brightness and contrast for the black and white color dominan. However, the method is resistant to image cutting (crop)

New algorithms for numerical assessment of nonlinear integro-differential equations of second-order using Haar wavelets

This paper deals with the extended design for Fredholm and Volterra integral equations and design for Fredholm and Volterra integro-differential equations of first-order to second-order nonlinear Fredholm and second-order nonlinear Volterra integro-differential equations having square integrable kernels. This approach utilizes the inherent dynamics of the Haar wavelet. The Haar wavelet is used to provide a single platform for the proposed method. The method is tested on problems from literature, and numerical results are compared with existing methods. The numerical results indicate that the accuracy of the method is reasonably high, even on a coarse grid

Misleading concepts about mysterious zero

Zero was a brilliant innovation and most significant achievement but it has threatened the foundations of modern physics and is behind all of the big puzzles in physics. Today, zero lies at the heart of one of the biggest scientific controversies of all time. The mysterious zero is posing challenges not only to intellectuals, philosophers, scientists, mathematicians, historians and theologizes but also is confusing and un-easing a common man. This article is devoted to raise awareness of social, conceptual and operational issues related with mysterious zero. The focus is those individuals involved in the process of teaching and learning mathematics. It is suspected that this article will enable them to think more clearly rather than to be in a state of confusion

Topological algebra via inner product

This paper is devoted to establish a probability measure on a unital commutative separable Fréchet Q lmc* - algebra. Consequently a new technique to define an inner product on a unital commutative semi simple separable Fréchet Q lmc* -algebra. We have shown that the resulting inner product space is a topological algebra. At the end we have established some properties of the introduced inner product